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</p><p>The <b>Singer System Ten</b> was a small-business <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> manufactured by the <a href="Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer Corporation</a>. The System Ten, introduced in 1970, featured an early form of <a href="Logical_partition_(virtual_computing_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical partition (virtual computing platform)">logical partitioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The System Ten was a character-oriented computer, using <a href="BCD_(6-bit)" class="mw-redirect" title="BCD (6-bit)">6-bit BCD characters</a> and <a href="Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">decimal</a> arithmetic.

</p><p>In the early 1960s, The Singer Sewing Machine Company had a dominant share of the world market in domestic and small industrial sewing machines. By 1962, its chain of retail stores were selling their machines, <a href="Textile" title="Textile">fabrics</a>, <a href="Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdashery</a> and <a href="Pattern_(sewing)" title="Pattern (sewing)">patterns</a> – everything for the housewife who made clothes and furnishings. There were 175 retail stores in the U.S., and many in Europe as well. Like many chains of small retail stores with a wide product range, stock control and stock swapping were critical to <a href="Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">cash flow</a> and <a href="Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a>. Under the leadership of its CEO, Donald P Kircher, Singer therefore approached several computer manufacturers, inviting them to bid for the design and manufacture of computers which could connect to the several tills in each store, and act as the central point for collecting real-time information on stocks and sales. IBM and NCR, then the world's largest computer companies, rejected the offer to bid, and so did some others. The only company to take up the challenge was <a href="Friden%2C_Inc." title="Friden, Inc.">Friden</a>, an American company based in <a href="San_Leandro%2C_California" title="San Leandro, California">San Leandro, California</a> which made desktop calculators and accounting machines based on punched paper tape. Singer accepted Friden's bid.

</p><p>In 1965, Singer bought out Friden, setting it up as Singer Business Machines. It then designed a computer, originally called the Business Data Processor (BDP) and soon renamed the System Ten. In 1969, Singer Business Machines created a subsidiary, the Advanced Systems Division, in each Western European country to launch and market the Singer System Ten. Newly appointed Managers and Directors were trained in the technology and the marketing strategy, and the Singer System Ten was launched throughout Europe on 2 April 1970.

</p><p>The design of the System Ten was revolutionary, because of the special requirements of what are now called "<a href="Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a>" systems. The machine had no <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> that scheduled the use of the <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processor</a>: instead, it would have up to 20 'partitions' each of which had dedicated <a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> of up to 10 kilobytes, and a common area that all partitions could access, limited initially to 10K in the earlier models but expanded up to 100K in later ones.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was called the System Ten because it performed all of its computations in <a href="Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a>, as opposed to its counterparts which operated in <a href="Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a>. (It was never called "System 10", with or without a hyphen, although many countries tried to rename it. In <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the complaint was that "System Ten" means "Hold the system!").

</p><p>Each partition in turn would handle up to 10 <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> devices, depending on the partition type. For devices such as <a href="Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</a>, <a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="Card_reader" title="Card reader">card readers</a> and <a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">punches</a>, a Multi-Terminal IOC (input-output channel) was installed, which ran at about 20 kbit/s. The partition would respond to CPU I/O instructions to retrieve and transfer data in bursts from terminal devices to main memory, there were no small or single character transfers of data to reduce the demand for access to the processor memory. The processor would cycle through each partition in turn, bypassing those that had an I/O instruction in progress, and executing instructions in the others until either a new I/O was posted or 16.7ms (20ms in Europe) had elapsed and a successful branch instruction was encountered. Theoretically it was possible to "hog" the processor if a successful branch or I/O instruction was never encountered.

</p><p>There were several other types of partitions that could be installed, for the retail terminals an MD (multi-data IOC) was used, which could control up to 10 of them. These devices buffered an entire transaction which was sent in a burst as a speed of 1200 bits per second. As all transfers were made directly from the partition into memory, it was only possible to have one active transmission per terminal at a time, which could cause some devices to 'time out' during transmission on a busy system. In addition, three types of serial communications controllers were available, a synchronous communications adapter, which was capable of emulating the <a href="IBM_2780" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2780">IBM 2780</a> terminal of the day, however in <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, not in <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>, and an asynchronous version of the same was also available, but both were limited to line speeds of no more than 2400 bit/s, the maximum dial-up rate of the day. Another serial controller called the Asynchronous Terminal Adapter (ATA), enable a character-oriented terminal to be interconnect, at a maximum speed of 300 bit/s.

</p><p>Strictly speaking, it was not 10K, but 10,000 characters per partition as the System Ten's memory consisted of 6-bit characters. It took 10 characters to make up one instruction, so each partition was only able to accommodate 1,000 instructions. The instruction set was extremely small, simple and powerful. The original processor, the model 20, had only 13 instructions, but its successor, the model 21 had 16 instructions, and it was mostly programmed in assembler language. Although relatively simplistic in its syntax, the assembler had a built-in <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> language that was extremely powerful and complex, based on a string matching and parsing language. No <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a> translator since has come anywhere close to this level of complexity, probably as few understood it, and the processing time for even the smallest programs could be prohibitively long.

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<p>The machine had a longer history in <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a> than in the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, which started when the Singer Business Machines division was bought by <a href="International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a> in 1976. At the time of the sale ICL estimated that there were 8,000 System Ten's in use around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICL continued to market the system as the ICL System Ten, but also attempted to wean customers off it and onto their mainstream product offering, the 2900 series, by introducing a transition machine called the ME/29. When this strategy failed, they turned to a division of Singer which made intelligent terminals, to re-engineer the system and bring it up to the then modern-day standards and considerably reduce its size and power consumption. The ICL System 25, the last iteration of the machine, was then created.<sup id="cite_ref-icltj-198111_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icltj-198111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-resurrection-49_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resurrection-49-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the UK, the marketing strategy was that customers would be trained in the <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembler</a>, and would write their own <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a>. This was the only serious strategic error Singer made. Some European Singer Business Machines companies ignored this strategy, and set up small internal software houses to write customers' applications. Within two years, some of these software houses were independent of Singer, and specialized in supporting their national System Ten customers. In North America, several other languages had appeared, including a "table processor" approach to computing which was simple to learn, and an <a href="IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a>/RPGII compiler which was later added with the advent of a second generation assembler that included a linker, a program which could bind several assembled modules together into a single <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executable</a>. There were also tools called lpgc and Super Opus (from Safe Computing Ltd.), which used a data layout from the ICL tool for updating the files to define the layout of the data. LPGC was a report tool mostly though you could accept data at the start or if you patched the machine code you could do it in flight.

</p><p>Singer also created <a href="Business_software" title="Business software">software</a> packages for <a href="Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> applications, which grew out of its installed customer base, the largest of which was at the <a href="Wanamaker's" title="Wanamaker's">Wanamaker's</a> department store in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. New installations were facilitated by only having to make customizations to the original code rather than having to re-write it from scratch each time, enabling larger installations to be turned up quickly. In <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, Welwyn Department Store in <a href="Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> (now a branch of <a href="John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis & Partners</a>) was the first to implement the System Ten as originally planned, and this became a flagship installation.

</p><p>Despite its major thrust as a retail backroom machine,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was still sold as a general purpose business computer, as it did support the common peripherals of the day such as video terminals, punched cards, printers and, later, <a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">disk</a> and <a href="Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> storage for sales, stock and accounting applications. It eventually faded into history with the end of the <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> era, when the <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> became the more popular computing platform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19790918&id=_IRWAAAAIBAJ&pg=1042,6791928">"A New Lease of Life for Singer's System 10"</a>. <i><a href="The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 18 September 1979. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSurden1977" class="citation journal cs1">Surden, Esther (4 July 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMe6erbb5V4C&dq=%22singer+system+ten%22&pg=PA29">"ICL Offers 220 Series CPU as Singer System Ten Upgrade"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. <b>XI</b> (27): 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>...the maximum memory size of each partition on the older processor was 10K char.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-icltj-198111-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icltj-198111_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1981" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, A. (November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204719/https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/Images/ICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf">"Architecture of the ICL System 25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICL Technical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/Images/ICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-resurrection-49-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-resurrection-49_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Michael (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res49.htm#h">"System 25 - ICL's Cinderella Success of the Eighties"</a>. <i>Resurrection</i> (49)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsBerg2012" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Bryan; Berg, Natalie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLC2LiaU6x8C&dq=%22singer+system+10%22&pg=PA139"><i>Walmart - Key Insights and Practical Lessons from the World's Largest Retailer</i></a>. London: <a href="Kogan_Page" title="Kogan Page">Kogan Page</a>. p. 139. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780749462741</bdi>. <q>Walmart ... installed a Singer System 100 network...</q></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fano.co.uk/history/sys10a.html">Pages from the System 10 Programmer's Reference</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~daveb/S10/Sys-10.html">System 10 description</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/singer/systemTen/">Singer System Ten manuals</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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